Are you a Health Professional? Jump over to the doctors only platform. Click Here. Structure of cigarettes Cigarette smoke Nicotine Carbon monoxide Tar Cigarette additives Processing aids Combustions aids Humectant Nicotine controller Flavours Flavoured cigarettes Structure of cigarettes Cigarettes are a small roll of porous paper containing a rod of chopped up tobacco leaf.
Cigarettes vary in strength, taste and intensity depending upon: The type of tobacco leaf that is used; Where on the tobacco plant it is taken from; The way the leaf is cured; and How the leaf is processed.
More information on Tobacco. Cigarette smoke Cigarette or tobacco smoke contains more than 4, different chemical compounds which are present in the solid phase, the gas phase or the liquid phase. These are just some of these chemicals found in cigarette smoke: Benzene; Benzo a pyrene; Ammonia; Formaldehyde; Hydrogencyanide; Acrolein; Dimethylnitrosamine; Non-nicotine alkaloids; Aromatic amines; Aromatic metals; Tobacco specific nitrosamines; Hydrogen cyanide; Nitrogen oxides; Aldehydes; N-nitrosamines; Ketones; Quinine; and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The following is a list of some chemicals found in cigarette smoke and where else they are found: Carbon monoxide is one of the substances that is emitted from vehicle exhaust; Nicotine is found in pesticide; Arsenic and DDT are used in insect poison; Hydrogen cyanide was used in the gas chambers in World War II and is currently used in rat poison; Acetone is paint stripper and is a component of nail polish remover; Ammonia is used in household cleaning products; Butane and methanol are found in fuel; Cadmium is a metal used in car batteries; Phenol is used in fertilisers; Naphthalene is a carcinogen used in moth balls; and Formaldehyde is used as a tissue and specimen preservative commonly found in science labs.
Nicotine Nicotine is the addictive component of tobacco products. Nicotine has also been found to: Alter the regulation of the blood brain barrier which in turn increases fluid cytotoxic oedema in the brain. This is believed to be the mechanism behind increased risk of stroke and worsening of stroke outcomes in smokers; Have hazardous effects on the cardiovascular system ; Contribute to the dysfunction of the walls of blood vessels endothelium. Nicotine stimulates the production of free radicals which impair the vital ability of the blood vessels to dilate vasodilation ; In combination with carbon monoxide, nicotine is also responsible for reducing blood flow to your feet and hands, causing peripheral vascular disease diseases of the arteries and veins of the limbs which over time may lead to the need for amputation; Significantly increase nicotine levels in the brain, even from just short-term exposure to second-hand smoke; Play a role in the induction and progression of coronary heart disease when the heart muscles become diseased , c oronary artery disease when plaque builds up inside the arteries and heart attack.
Nicotine also stimulates irregular heartbeats; and Stimulates processes which induce high blood pressure hypertension and arterial stiffness. Carbon monoxide Incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances such as wood and oil produces carbon monoxide. Tar Tar is a mixture of the compounds in cigarette smoke which condensate turn from a gas to a solid once in the lungs to form a sticky brown substance, this is the cigarette smoke condensate.
Cigarette additives Cigarette additives are used to: prolong shelf life; control the rate of burning; help in cigarette manufacture; control how much nicotine is delivered; add flavour; and reduce the harshness and irritation of cigarettes. Processing aids Ammonia compounds, carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol are used to make the cured tobacco less brittle and therefore make it easier to manufacture.
Combustion aids Ammonium, sodium phosphate and sodium and potassium citrate are used to treat the cigarette paper which works to control the rate at which the cigarette papers burns. Humectants Humectants include sugars, glycerine and glycol compounds. Nicotine controllers Additives are used to aid the delivery of target doses of nicotine. Flavours Liquorice, cocoa, honey, fruit spices or fruit extracts can be used to improve the taste of cigarettes making them more palatable and appealing, especially for first-time smokers.
Flavoured cigarettes There are some cigarettes which are designed to be dominated by a flavour. More information For more information on smoking and its health effects, and some useful tools, videos and animations, see Smoking. References Tar Information Sheet [online]. Quitnow [cited Jun ]. Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic II: The agent: Current and emerging tobacco products.
Preventive Medicine. Acute effects of nicotine on arterial stiffness and wave reflection in healthy young non-smokers. Clin Experiment Pharmacol Physiol. Nicotine exacerbates brain edema during in vitro and in vivo focal ischemic conditions. J Pharmacol Exper Therapeut. Department of Health and Ageing. Fact Sheet: How smoking harms your health [online]. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing.
Second-hand smoking and carboxyhemoglobin levels in children: a prospective observational study. Pediatr Anesthes. Dual role of b-carotene in combination with cigarette smoke aqueous extract on the formation of mutagenic lipid peroxidation products in lung membranes: dependence on pO2. Cigarette tar phenols impede T cell cycle progression by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinases.
Molecular Immunology. Balakumar P, Kaur J. Is nicotine a key player or spectator in the induction and progression of cardiovascular disorders? Pharmacol Research. Tobacco in Australia: The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes [online].
The cancer council, [cited Jun ]. ASH [cited June ]. Available from: www. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph Bethesda MD : U. Food and Drug Administration. Tobacco Control Act external icon. Washington: U. The Maxwell Report: Cigar Industry in Washington: Federal Trade Commission, [accessed Apr 27]. For Further Information. Fact Sheets. What's this. Related CDC Sites. Social Media. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
In April , FDA announced that it plans to propose tobacco product standards to ban menthol as a characterizing flavor in cigarettes. If you make, modify, mix, manufacture, fabricate, assemble, process, label, repack, relabel, or import cigarettes, you must comply with these requirements for manufacturers. This office also provides online educational resources to help regulated industry understand FDA regulations and policies. If you sell cigarettes, please read this summary of federal rules that retailers must follow.
In addition, our website provides more information on regulations, guidance and webinars for retailers. Note: On December 20, , the President signed legislation to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and raise the federal minimum age of sale of tobacco products from 18 to 21 years.
It is now illegal for a retailer to sell any tobacco product — including cigarettes, cigars and e-cigarettes — to anyone under
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