Which of the following pair of forest-tree is correct? Mountain - Palm II. Mangrove - Birch. The state which has the largest forest area is. What percentage Of total forest area of Madhya Pradesh, Teak trees are found? Which one of the following States has the maximum area under teak forest in India? Which of the following statements about the soil of the forest is incorrect? Which one of the following is the main reason due to which share of the forest has shown an increase in the last forty years?
Cinchona trees are found in the areas of rainfall more than. Consider the following statements: Assertion A : Tropical rain forests are disappearing fast from developing countries like India. Amongst the Physico-chemical properties of a soil no single property occupies such an important place as pH in directing the intimate relation between the soil and the plant. Soil reaction pH value governs to a great extent the entire chain of biochemical processes in a soil, leading to either fertility or infertility.
Although, pH itself depends upon so many factors, yet it is the most important single value index in determining the suitability or otherwise of a soil for the growth of a specific plant. Soil reaction is the most important chemical parameter which is responsible for the irregular distribution of teak.
P teak is largely comfined to soils with a pH range of 6. It was also pointed out that beyond pH 8. Studied the calcium content in rocks 7 in relation to frequency and occurrence of teak in northern slopes of Satpuras.
He concluded that lime is an essential major constituent of practically all the rocks such as the trap, metamorphic and conglomerate which are capable of yielding a good teak crop, but is badly deficient in those such as Gondwana sandstone which bare only miscellaneous forest.
He also concluded that teak is a calcicolous species exhibiting its best growth on soils rich in bases 10 attempted to ascertain the role of surface geology and the soil in relation to the growth of teak mainly on the basis of the mineral content, especially calcium, of the underlying rock.
He suggested that most of the soils formed from the rocks rich in bases support teak. His findings indicate that teak grows well on igneous rocks and Bagra conglomerates simply because these rocks contain good deal of calcium 19 reported that higher value of CEC They also pinpointed that the soils of teak zone had higher cation exchange capacity which confers on it the property of retaining high exchangeable calcium and renders condition more favorable for its growth 21 reported the absence of teak and failure of teak plantation in Hoshangabad forest division of Madhya Pradesh on the soils deficient in exchangeable Ca and Mg.
The soils were mildly acidic to neutral in reaction. The organic matter content of soils was high at the surface and gradually decreased down the profile. Ca as compared to Mg is more recycled from lower to a horizon.
High Ca: Mg ratios in the upper layer relative to lower ones elucidate the active role of teak in the pedogenesis. Organic carbon under teak sites ranged from 3. In Tarai area of Darjeeling, 17 found that teak-growing soils are acidic and contain appreciable amount of organic carbon, total N and exchangeable Ca.
They also reported that teak can grow in soils having moderate to deep solum depth, acidic, loamy texture and appreciable amount of organic carbon provided with cool tropical climate 27 reported that exchangeable Ca and Mg generally greater at all ages of teak than in fallow and agriculture soils. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially. Withdrawal Guidlines.
Publication Ethics. Withdrawal Policies Publication Ethics. Open Access Journal of. Review Article Volume 2 Issue 3. Soil moisture and drainage The distribution, extent and growth performance of teak forest is influenced to a considerable degree by soil drainage and its adequacy. Soil texture Among the physical parameters, the texture is considered as most important one that influences the tree growth.
Forest survey of India. India State of Forest Report. Ministry of Environment and Forests , Dehradun; Global Overview of Teak Plantations. Teak is still highly valued and in high demand in Europe, providing its legal and sustainable origin is proven.
Because teak species do not tolerate competition and are site specific, the emphasis should be on using improved planting stock and early deployment of silvicultural treatments to achieve fast growth and high yields from plantations. The increased trade volume of teakwood necessitated the use of systematic approach for monitoring supply chain. Thus, from 1 st January, , the international trade in teakwood will be recorded in Harmonized System nomenclature HS Edition.
HS will be used for the uniform classification of goods traded internationally all over the world. With these innovations in the teakwood trade, it is sure to see a great emphasis on policy, for development of teak sector in near future. The International Tropical Timber Organization ITTO promotes sustainable management and conservation of tropical forests and the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests.
It develops policy guidelines and norms to encourage sustainable forest management SFM and sustainable tropical timber industries and trade. Teakwood is very valued due to its quality timber, good woodworking, finishing capabilities, and most appealing grain, texture, and color, which makes it very precious and boosts its use for furniture, carving, cabinet making, door and window making.
Decking, deck houses, rails, bulwarks, hatches, weather doors, and planking have all been made from it. The massive teak trees from the Western Ghats region with high rain fall range are used for structural demands such as ship and boat building, construction, and bridge building.
Teak from the Central Indian region is noted for its color, texture, and grains, making it ideal for furniture and aesthetic purposes. Teak wood of Godavari valley in Andhra Pradesh is used for furniture and cabinet making for its ornamental figuring. Teak wood markets and depots are available in all teak growing states in India.
Forest-based companies were very profitable since the majority of them received raw materials at subsidized prices, resulting in non-sustainable usage of forest stocks.
However, due to increased demand and harvesting limits in natural forests. Forest-based industries began plantations on private properties with the help of farmers, to whom they provide financial and technical assistance. Forest-based enterprises have also approached the government about leasing degraded forest lands for plantings in order to meet their raw material needs.
Several entrepreneurs encouraged people to invest in tree plantations with the goal of realizing great profits from the sale of tree produce. Teak wood is the top class of housing- and furniture-grade timbers in India.
Despite the fact that India is one of the world's largest producers of teak, a significant amount of timber is imported to supply the domestic demand of the plywood and veneer industries. Teak plantations have grown in importance as a means of bridging the gap between teak wood demand and supply.
Hwan-ok MA, ITTO Project Manager said that smallholder teak plantations have the potential to be a driver of sustainable development in the lower Mekong by improving the livelihoods and landscapes of rural communities.
This will be crucial for tapping into high-value markets, such as in Europe. The Forum participants noted that if smallholder farmer receives technical knowhow, high-quality planting material at lower cost and a modest financial incentives under secured land tenure and supportive policies, teak plantations can be well established for their sustainable livelihoods.
FAO, Rome. Parresol BR: Additivity of nonlinear biomass equations. Silva Fennica , 37 1 — Reynolds MR Jr: Estimating the error in model predictions.
Plantations in Karnataka, India. J Sustain For , 32 3 — Southern Forests; II edition. Oxford: Clarendon; New York: Springer; Book Google Scholar. Vanclay JK: Robust relationships for simple plantation growth models based on sparse data. For Ecol Manag , 5 — Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; FAO; Download references. The authors thank the Director, IWST for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out this study. The contribution of Sh. Chandrashekar, RA-I and Sh. Sangamesh, JRF in field data collection is highly appreciated.
The authors are also thankful to the officials of Karnataka State Forest Department for granting permission to conduct the study in their teak stands and also for extending help and support during the field work. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Vindhya Prasad Tewari. JGA did the data analysis and updation of the article. OG suggested the state-approachmodels, helped in data analysis and edited the final version of the ms.
All authors read andapproved the final manuscript. Reprints and Permissions. Tewari, V. Developing a dynamic growth model for teak plantations in India. Download citation. Received : 25 October Accepted : 17 January Published : 02 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Abstract Background Tectona grandis teak is one of the most important tropical timber speciesoccurring naturally in India. Methods The state-space approach makes it possible to accommodate disturbances and avarying environment.
Results A biologically consistent whole-stand growth model has been presented which uses thestate-space approach for modelling rates of change of three state-variables viz.
Conclusions A simple model containing few free parameters performed well and is particularlywell suited to situations where available data is scarce. Background About the species and its distribution Teak Tectona grandis L. Management of teak forests in Karnataka The teak forests in India are managed based on the approved working plans generally prescribed for ten years.
Growth models Reliable growth models are essential for effective long-term planning and decision making. Table 1 Summarized data of the sample plots used for model development Full size table. E crit. Results and discussion At first, the transition functions for mortality and basal area were fitted separately using nonlinear least squares and without assuming autocorrelation. Figure 1. Full size image. Table 2 Parameter estimates for the mortality transition function Equation 4 and goodness-of-fit statistics calculated without considering the initialized point at breast height Full size table.
Figure 2. Table 3 Parameter estimates for the basal area transition function Equation 12 and goodness-of-fit-statistics calculated without considering the initialized point at breast height Full size table. Figure 3. Closure and occupancy curves. Table 4 Parameter estimates for the transition functions in mortality and in basal area Equations 4 and 12 , respectively obtained by fitting the models simultaneously Full size table. Figure 4.
Conclusions Forest management planning relies heavily on mathematical models that involve time. Google Scholar Cieszewski CJ: Comparing fixed-and variable-base-age site equations having single versus multiple asymptotes.
Google Scholar Cieszewski CJ, Bailey RL: Generalized algebraic difference approach: theory based derivation of dynamic site equations with polymorphism and variable asymptotes.
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